Egypt’s government has completed the amendment of the new Labor Law including the Laws of Labor and Trade Union Organizations, in a way consistent with the current economic conditions of the country and its social reflections on all workers sectors as the Egyptian workers are considered the cause behind the real development, which will build the homeland and work on its prosperity; such workers bear the economic decisions issued in 2016, where the government ensured that such Laws will have a final and effective solutions for the workers issues in Egypt especially those between the employer and the employees.
The companies, its shareholders, directors and partners are regulated in Egypt by the Companies Law No.159 of the year 1981, it’s executive regulations and amended provisions of Law No.4 of the year 2018.
Although the lending activity in Egypt has been growing, Egyptian banks continue to enjoy ‘large financial flexibility as the credit facilities to deposits ratio remains low at a mere 42%’[1]. This figure is partially due to the fact that a minor portion of retail and corporate bases ‘actually have a creditor/debtor bank account’[2].
Medical Devices are used in the healthcare for the diagnosis, prevention, monitoring or treatment of illness or disability. The Egyptian Ministry of Health (MOH) is responsible for the registration and approvals of medical devices in Egypt through the Drug Policy and Planning Center (DPPC) and the Central Administration of Pharmaceutical Affairs (CAPA) which also regulates the importation and manufacture of medical devices.
The Egyptian Parliament approved extending the Tax Dispute Resolution Law No.79 of the year 2016 for the upcoming two years. Such legislation was one of the most critical and important demands in the tax community,where it was issued to ease the process of Tax Dispute Resolution between the Financier and the Egyptian Tax Authority and to accelerate the lengthy tax dispute process, removing cases from court and allowing settlement by committees headed by experts who do not work for the Tax Authority.
Pursuant to the new Egyptian Company Law No.4 of the year 2018 and its Executive Regulations No.16 of the year 2018 on the amendments of certain Executive Regulation provisions of Joint Stock Companies, Partnerships Limited by Shares and Limited Liability Companies Law No.96 of the year 1982;
The Confidentiality might be stated in an independent Agreement called “Confidentiality Agreement” and it could be stated in certain Clauses in different agreements or contracts such as an employment contract. The Confidentiality Agreements or Clauses are essential in any contractual relationship, as it plays an important role in assuring the maintenance of the secrecy and confidentiality regarding all the information disclosed among all the involved Parties of the Agreement. It is a win-win situation for both Parties, as it protects both Parties and builds trust between Parties of the agreement.
Counterfeit is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as products made to look like the original of something, usually for dishonest or illegal purposes or something copied exactly in order to make someone believe that the copy is the original.
Egypt’s strategy 2030 is a Sustainable Development Strategy which requires development in all aspects to maximize competitive advantage in order to achieve well-being, production, prosperity, success, and interest.
The VAS services are services that are based on the content or format of the information that has changed in the content or body of the information it adds value to or provides integration between it and other services from Operational and/or administrative aspects, or those services that involve user interaction with stored information data.
Pursuant to the Egyptian Company Law No.159 of the year 1981 and its Executive Regulations as amended by Law No.4 of the year 2018, and chapter No. 6 of this law set forth the basic rules and legal framework for the incorporation of branches of foreign companies in the Arab Republic of Egypt, as well as the documents and procedures to be followed for the purpose of incorporation of branches
Tourism in Egypt is flourishing, as it became a destination for many tourists due to its many attractions especially the peculiarity of its food. However, in some cases tourists suffer from diseases, infections or food poisoning due to the failure of hotels and touristic sites to observe the food and beverage hygiene, which lead tourists to the court in order to claim for compensation.
Changing the company’s legal form is mainly regulated by the Companies Act No. 159 of the year 1981 and its Executive Regulations; in particular Article No. 136 of the Companies Act and Article No. 299 of its Executive Regulations.
Franchise is a practice of the right to run a Company’s business system and brand for a certain period of time. Therefore, when concluding franchise agreements, parties should be aware of “deal breakers” provisions such as liquidated damages clauses, insufficient start-up support, and mandatory arbitration clauses. Franchisors provide many advantages for ambitious Franchisees to start a business. However, the benefits are not for everyone.
On January 16th,2018, a new amendment has been issued under Law no. 4 of the year 2018. Law no. 4 of the year 2018 is considered as an amendment of some articles of the Egyptian Law no. 159 of the year 1981 (the “Companies Law”)[1].
Generally speaking when there is a situation in dispute, the parties may need an expert to tell them what and how they can do about such situation. A report of this nature is what is called an “Expert Witness Report”.
In order to appoint, change or dismiss the General Manager of the Company, certain procedures shall be taken according to the Egyptian Laws and Regulations.
A letter of guarantee is a type of a contract issued by a bank on behalf of a customer who has entered into a contract to purchase goods from a supplier and promises to meet any financial obligations to the supplier in the event of the default. The main purpose of this product is to guarantee payment to the beneficiary regardless of any objection or contestation from any other party.
Egypt after 2011 started to focus mainly on energy and renewable energy sectors as an integral part of the main projects in the sustainable development plan 2030. Egypt recently issued The Electricity Law No. 87 of the year 2015, and its Executive Regulation in 2016 (Ministerial Decree No. 230 of year 2016) and Renewable Energy Law No. 203 of the year 2014.
The Documentary Credit is an essential way for the execution of import & export trade operations, thus it has been requisite for the trade relations which has been defined by Article 341 of the Egyptian Commercial Law No.17 of the year 1999 which stipulates that: ‘Documentary credit is an Agreement by virtue of which the bank undertakes to open a credit upon the request of one of his clients (called ‘the remitter’) in favor of another person (called ‘the beneficiary’ guaranteed by documents representing the shipped goods or goods prepared for shipment’. Such documentary credit contract is separate from the contract because of which the credit was opened. And the bank shall remain alien to that contract. In case there is no special provision prescribed herein, the ICC Uniform Customs and Practices for Document Credits issued from the International Chamber Of Commerce shall apply.
The Transfer of Technology Contract is one of the contracts which are included in the Egyptian Commercial Law No. 17/1999, due to the new era of significant expansion in the field of technology contracts and the legal issues that face the transfer of technology processes at the international level as a result of the conflict of interests between the parties of these processes.
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